Long Story Short House: Two Day Tiny House Sips Build: I’m going to start with a photo dump of my two day build. I had the help of a few people each day, including Art Cormier ( http://tinysipho...
This guy builds with foam core OSB skinned panels on top of a utility trailer, quick and easy!
News and commentary about ecodesign, geothermal heatstorage, PAH seasonal storage, urban farming, rainwater harvesting, grey water recycling, natural ventilation, passive summer cooling, energy autonomy, off grid solar comfort, as well as refined prototypes i am currently building.
Tuesday, December 17, 2013
Wednesday, December 11, 2013
Earth Power News – Renault Plug In Hybrid Electric Car 141 MPG
Earth Power News – Renault Plug In Hybrid Electric Car 141 MPG
In a stunning announcement recently the Renault Company has unveiled a plug in electric car that gets a whopping 141 mpg.
The French automaker is reportedly going to unveil the 141 MPG concept car at the Geneva Motor Show that isn’t a 100% electric car. It’s a plug-in hybrid that is reportedly similar in size to a Clio.
Renault head of research, advanced studies and materials Remi Bastien is the one who gave out the 141 MPG figure, so it’s worth paying attention to.
Bastien added that, “a production version of the car would be affordable.
It will be a B-segment car with Clio-type features in terms of space and comfort.”
With the Renault Zoe and the Renault Fluence ZE, Renault is a clear leader in the EV realm so far.
According the company officials this is all according to their plans, “The main thrust of our research and development budget is spent on improving emissions – with our electric vehicle strategy with the Zoe EV, we’re perfectly placed to develop hybrid systems.”
Bastien also commented a bit on BMW’s use of carbon fiber in the BMW i3,
and the related matter of reducing vehicle weight for greater
efficiency.
“I think the main reason BMW uses lightweight carbon fibre on the BMW i3, for example, is because of performance, because of what the brand stands for – not necessarily for efficiency,” Bastien said.
“Reducing weight is important for gas and diesel cars, but less so for EVs – aerodynamics is more important for efficiency in electric vehicles. Weight can be used to help regenerative braking in an EV to harvest more kinetic energy when slowing down.”
Bastien also commented on the great potential EV battery research still offers.
“Bastien believes the industry is only at 50% in terms of exploration of battery technology,” according to Sean Carson of AutoExpress.
Bastien projects that, “by 2020 the range of an EV like the Zoe will double to around 250 miles.”
The roads will look a whole lot different when the Renault Plug In Electric car reaches that level.
In a stunning announcement recently the Renault Company has unveiled a plug in electric car that gets a whopping 141 mpg.
The French automaker is reportedly going to unveil the 141 MPG concept car at the Geneva Motor Show that isn’t a 100% electric car. It’s a plug-in hybrid that is reportedly similar in size to a Clio.
Renault head of research, advanced studies and materials Remi Bastien is the one who gave out the 141 MPG figure, so it’s worth paying attention to.
Bastien added that, “a production version of the car would be affordable.
It will be a B-segment car with Clio-type features in terms of space and comfort.”
With the Renault Zoe and the Renault Fluence ZE, Renault is a clear leader in the EV realm so far.
According the company officials this is all according to their plans, “The main thrust of our research and development budget is spent on improving emissions – with our electric vehicle strategy with the Zoe EV, we’re perfectly placed to develop hybrid systems.”
“I think the main reason BMW uses lightweight carbon fibre on the BMW i3, for example, is because of performance, because of what the brand stands for – not necessarily for efficiency,” Bastien said.
“Reducing weight is important for gas and diesel cars, but less so for EVs – aerodynamics is more important for efficiency in electric vehicles. Weight can be used to help regenerative braking in an EV to harvest more kinetic energy when slowing down.”
Bastien also commented on the great potential EV battery research still offers.
“Bastien believes the industry is only at 50% in terms of exploration of battery technology,” according to Sean Carson of AutoExpress.
Bastien projects that, “by 2020 the range of an EV like the Zoe will double to around 250 miles.”
The roads will look a whole lot different when the Renault Plug In Electric car reaches that level.
Nova Scotia Community College - Explore NSCC - Centre for the Built Environment - Pilikan House
Nova Scotia Community College - Explore NSCC - Centre for the Built Environment - Pilikan House
Pilikan (pronounced "Bill-ee-gun") is derived from the Mi'kmaw words for "new house". The name represents a new way of thinking about healthy, sustainable residential development.
This house is a "living lab" and demonstration site where the next generation of residential construction professionals can learn how to incorporate sustainability into their work. It is designed to be an affordable and practical home to show home-owners how sustainable design and energy-efficient options can be within their reach.
Pilikan is a hands-on learning tool for the students in NSCC's Energy Sustainability Engineering Technology (ESET) program, as well as a research tool with 30 monitoring and control points to track energy consumption.
Pilikan (pronounced "Bill-ee-gun") is derived from the Mi'kmaw words for "new house". The name represents a new way of thinking about healthy, sustainable residential development.
This house is a "living lab" and demonstration site where the next generation of residential construction professionals can learn how to incorporate sustainability into their work. It is designed to be an affordable and practical home to show home-owners how sustainable design and energy-efficient options can be within their reach.
Pilikan is a hands-on learning tool for the students in NSCC's Energy Sustainability Engineering Technology (ESET) program, as well as a research tool with 30 monitoring and control points to track energy consumption.
Energy Efficiency Highlights
Feature | Energy Efficiency Details |
---|---|
Pilikan Energy Efficiency Ratings | Pilikan is certified as an R-2000 house and achieved an Energuide rating of 91 – requiring little to no purchased energy. A rating of 100 is the maximum efficiency score as defined by Natural Resources Canada. Typically, R-2000 homes need 30% less energy to operate than conventional new homes. Airtightness is critical to building performance and energy efficiency. The blower-door test on Pilikan House resulted in a reading of 0.6 ACH (Air Changes/Hour). A typical home would measure 1.5 ACH. |
Frost Protected Slab | The perimeter of the slab has an insulated skirt which prevents frost from penetrating the soil underneath, eliminating frost heave. This results in superior energy performance, while reducing the materials used for the foundation. |
Double Stud Walls | The walls in this house are essentially two thin walls separated by a space. This separation eliminates thermal bridging, where heat is lost through the home's wood framing. |
Extra Insulation | The entire house is insulated well beyond building
code requirements so it loses very little heat in winter and gains very
little heat in the summer. Walls: R44 Ceiling: R80 Slab: R32 |
Solar Hot Water | Using the energy from the sun, solar thermal panels heat the water used by the occupants of the house. |
Heat Recovery Ventilator (HRV) | The locally-built, highly-efficient HRV unit provides high-quality indoor air. The unit's motor can reduce energy consumption by 25%. It has a unique damper system and its large-sized core reduces fan noise, increases heat recovery efficiency and lowers power consumption. |
Triple Glazed Windows | With a higher insulation level than single or double-glazed windows, these windows reduce heat transfer across the glass surface, increasing comfort and energy savings. |
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Power | These PV cells capture the sun's energy and convert it into usable electricity. They do not require sunlight and can actually generate electricity on a cloudy day to power lights, electronics and everyday appliances. |
Passive Solar Heating | Pilikan House was built facing South, allowing for optimum solar gain. The windows let in natural light which helps increase the home's ability to capture and store thermal energy in the form of heat. |
Concept house in Nova Scotia pushes every green button : TreeHugger
Concept house in Nova Scotia pushes every green button : TreeHugger
Keith Robertson and Jennifer Corson of Solterre Design have built themeselves a house that presses so many buttons it's hard to know where to start. It is a 1500 square foot test bed of green tech mixed with simple passive design, with a green roof on top.
© Solterre Designs
© Solterre Designs
It's got everything green, including the kitchen sink; it is recovered from a nursing home. The kitchen counters are from a hospital. Instead of the usual sand, the septic system bed is built from 70 tonnes of recycled glass.
From the architect's website:
© Solterre Designs
This is the beauty of a Passivhaus; you don't need a huge array of photovoltaics, and you don't worry as much about leaving the house for a couple of days (it's currently being used on weekends) because it is built like a thermos bottle.
© Solterre Designs
In fact, the hot water baseboard radiators were not turned on all last winter. There may well be more green tech in this house than is actually required.
The house has achieved LEED Platinum for homes, is going through Passivhaus certification, and has won a Nova Scotia Lieutenant Governor Award of Merit. Nicely done by Solterre Design.
Keith Robertson and Jennifer Corson of Solterre Design have built themeselves a house that presses so many buttons it's hard to know where to start. It is a 1500 square foot test bed of green tech mixed with simple passive design, with a green roof on top.
© Solterre Designs
Located on a saltwater inlet near Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, the home is a 1500 square foot off-grid sustainable demonstration retreat/future retirement home for Solterre Design's principals, Keith Robertson and Jennifer Corson and their two children. With over twenty years of experience along Nova Scotia's south shore, Jen and Keith called upon a developed network of local craftsmen to build an off-grid home that sets a new standard for self-sufficiency and provides a open and eclectic space to display many innovative green features to student groups, industry colleagues and interested folks in the local community. Or, the most favourite aspect of the house? To simply gazing across the gently sloping pasture to the ocean.
© Solterre Designs
It's got everything green, including the kitchen sink; it is recovered from a nursing home. The kitchen counters are from a hospital. Instead of the usual sand, the septic system bed is built from 70 tonnes of recycled glass.
From the architect's website:
The home is not tied to the electrical grid, but instead supplies all of its electricity through a photovoltaic array. Primary heat is supplied by solar energy, both passive and active, and a small, high-efficiency wood fireplace. Solar thermal panels supply heat for hot water and secondary heating. Propane fuels the kitchen stove and acts as a supplementary backup fuel to the heat and hot water systems. A DC refrigerator and other Energy Star appliances are used, as every kilowatt of energy used must be produced on site. By using the most energy efficient lighting, appliances and equipment possible, and meeting the Passive House (Passivhaus) standard, the amount of photovoltaics needed is relatively small, making off-grid living an affordable option, while providing an exceptionally comfortable home.
© Solterre Designs
This is the beauty of a Passivhaus; you don't need a huge array of photovoltaics, and you don't worry as much about leaving the house for a couple of days (it's currently being used on weekends) because it is built like a thermos bottle.
Due to a super insulated envelope (roof, wall and foundation) and extensive southern glazing, the house will never drop below 15 degrees Celsius (58 degrees Fahrenheit), even if unoccupied and unheated for long periods of time in the winter. The exterior is clad in durable and low maintenance materials: cement panels and an untreated torrefied wood open-joint rainscreen. The sod roof uses a traditional Faroe Islands technique that requires little upkeep.
© Solterre Designs
In fact, the hot water baseboard radiators were not turned on all last winter. There may well be more green tech in this house than is actually required.
The house has achieved LEED Platinum for homes, is going through Passivhaus certification, and has won a Nova Scotia Lieutenant Governor Award of Merit. Nicely done by Solterre Design.
Tuesday, December 10, 2013
Ontario tilts against wind turbines as costs spiral: Cohn via reddit.com
Ontario tilts against wind turbines as costs spiral:
http://www.thestar.com/news/queenspark/2013/12/10/ontario_tilts_against_wind_turbines_as_costs_spiral_cohn.html
http://www.thestar.com/news/queenspark/2013/12/10/ontario_tilts_against_wind_turbines_as_costs_spiral_cohn.html
Who would have
imagined Ontario as Ground Zero for the global anti-wind movement,
pitting people power against wind power? Instead of a low-carbon
environment, the governing Liberals generated a highly toxic political
environment.
Yet it is economics,
more than politics, that is causing the greatest drag on wind power
today. Diminishing returns have prompted the Liberals to tilt against
wind turbines.
The pace of future wind expansion will be scaled back over the next 20 years, according to the Long Term Energy Plan released this month by the government. The latest plan is a belated admission that previous energy plans were off target.
To understand how much the Liberals miscalculated,
it’s worth looking at another report that preceded this one. Prepared
for influential clients in the energy industry by global consulting firm
IHS-CERA, the title of this private study says it all: “Too Much, Too
Fast — The Pace of Greening the Ontario Power System.”
More Video
It treats our
wind turbines as a case study on how greening the power system can
plunge it into the red. A cautionary tale for international clients, the
report would have been essential reading for provincial energy planners
as they looked for the light at the end of our wind tunnel:
“What happened in
Ontario . . . provide(s) universal lessons regarding how a simple,
appealing, but unrealistic idea can intersect with the political process
and set in motion environmental policies that run counter to the
underlying costs and complexity of the electric power sector.”
Over the past decade,
the government rapidly signed contracts for 10,000 megawatts of wind and
solar — exceeding the coal capacity it had targeted for elimination.
Yet dirty coal and clean wind are not interchangeable, despite the
equivalency implied in the Liberals’ successful campaign pitches.
You can burn coal (or natural gas) when needed. But you can’t make the wind blow on demand.
In Ontario, “wind conditions tend to produce power least when consumers want power most.”
Additional wind capacity requires more standby power from natural gas —
which explains why the Liberals had to build (and in two cases, cancel)
so many gas-fired power plants.
“This back-up
requirement meant that as a source of new power supply, the integration
of wind by natural gas-fired technologies was 30 per cent more
expensive” than by gas alone.
Another problem: You can’t make the wind stop blowing.
“Wind conditions tend to produce power most when consumers need power least
. . . . Overgeneration creates an operational problem that requires
reducing output from hydro, nuclear, and/or wind generators.”
Unfortunately, most of
that unneeded wind power didn’t displace dirty coal, but forced costly
cuts in clean hydro and emissions-free nuclear power. Ramping down hydro
is hard, given natural water flows. Nuclear shutdowns are expensive,
given the hefty restart costs.
Why did the Liberals
sell a mismatched green vision, and why did voters (mostly in urban
areas) buy into it? The study’s authors appear puzzled by the lack of
government foresight and the electorate’s lack of oversight.
“Looking back . . .
too many people believed that renewable power was a direct substitute
for conventional power plants, including coal-fired,” they conclude.
“The simple idea to replace coal-fired power plants with wind turbines
went unchallenged in Ontario and made the green vision appear
plausible.”
Resistance to wind
turbines emanated mostly from rural residents and was quickly exploited
by opposition politicians eager to steal Liberal seats. While the
NIMBYists beat their breasts, the bean counters took their eyes off the
turbines. Politics trumped economics.
Ontario’s latest
long-term plan reads like a disguised damage control strategy that takes
its cue from the private consultant’s report quoted here. Others in the
global energy industry who read the IHS-CERA report effectively had a
sneak peek:
“Lessons from the
Ontario power system provide valuable insights,” the consultants write.
“Trying to do too much too fast will inevitably result in cost
escalation that . . . drives monthly power bills beyond politically
acceptable levels. The unintended consequence is political backlash.”
And double jeopardy: Not just NIMBYism, but billion-dollar boondoggles.
Solar PV and Energy Storage The Time is Now | Solar Feeds
Solar PV and Energy Storage The Time is Now | Solar Feeds
Energy storage technologies
The rapidly changing field of energy storage covers a wide range of technologies, each with specific technical characteristics. While Solar Server covered energy storage technologies extensively in our July 2010 report, and will only supply an overview of new developments here, it is important to note some of the technical details.
First, different energy storage technologies cannot be treated as commodities, since the technical features of energy storage systems determine the functions that they can supply on the grid. Ultracapacitors and flywheels offer very rapid power transfer, which can smooth out power fluctuations which last less than one second. For longer-term storage on the order of minutes, hours or days, a variety of battery types can be used. Finally, compressed air, pumped hydro, and methane and hydrogen systems are useful for long-term storage.
Battery companies have been preparing for this moment for some time,
and in the last two years a number of companies began producing
lithium-ion batteries to accompany residential and small commercial PV
systems, including Panasonic, Conergy and Saft. Many of these and other
systems have been rolled out in the German market.
At the larger scale it is difficult to put a number on the size of the current market, as deployment is uneven from year to year. However, with the large number of projects that have been announced, it is clear that this market is also growing.
IHS and other market analysts have made predictions about the future size of the global energy storage market, with IHS anticipating particularly sharp growth among energy storage systems to accompany PV systems for businesses. And while all predict exponential growth, the size of the market anticipated in any given year varies widely.
Like the PV industry, greater market adoption of energy storage will depend upon a number of factors, including regulatory support and subsidies, with prices falling as economies of scale are built and the industry matures.
It should be noted that the recent regulations in California allow energy storage at multiple scales, including behind-the-meter systems, to meet the 1.325 GW target. The main limitation is that pumped hydro systems larger than 50 MW do not apply. As such, while this will be a massive boost to the market, it is currently unclear what impacts this will have on various segments of the storage market.
This is not only true of California. We simply do not know what the future global energy storage market will look like, including what technologies will dominate. But what we do know is that as more and more renewable energy is added to the grid globally, energy storage will inevitably be a major component of our energy systems. The future is here.
Energy storage technologies
The rapidly changing field of energy storage covers a wide range of technologies, each with specific technical characteristics. While Solar Server covered energy storage technologies extensively in our July 2010 report, and will only supply an overview of new developments here, it is important to note some of the technical details.
First, different energy storage technologies cannot be treated as commodities, since the technical features of energy storage systems determine the functions that they can supply on the grid. Ultracapacitors and flywheels offer very rapid power transfer, which can smooth out power fluctuations which last less than one second. For longer-term storage on the order of minutes, hours or days, a variety of battery types can be used. Finally, compressed air, pumped hydro, and methane and hydrogen systems are useful for long-term storage.
Second, energy storage is not a solution deployed in isolation, and
storage technologies can be seen as part of the larger field of
intelligent energy management. Inverter technologies can supply related
grid support functions, and as greater penetrations of renewable energy
are added, regulators are increasingly pushing for these functions to be
required of inverters.
Of all the technologies being explored for energy storage to
accompany renewable energy, lithium-ion batteries have attracted the
most attention in recent years. However, lead-acid batteries remain less
expensive and are widely used in small off-grid systems, while
sodium-sulfur systems make up the majority of grid-tied battery
capacity. Finally, pumped hydro remains the cheapest and most widely
deployed means of long-term energy storage.
One of the key advantages of lithium-ion technology are higher cycle lives. Solarpraxis AG estimates that lithium ion batteries can reach a lifespan of 20 years or 7,000 charge cycles if charged and discharged daily, much more than the 2,000 maximum cycles available with lead-acid gel batteries. The two can also be combined, and Fraunhofer ISE (Freiburg, Germany) reports that a hybrid approach of using a larger lead-acid battery with a smaller lithium-ion battery subsystem can create a battery system with a longer lifespan.
Fraunhofer ISE also finds that while lithium-ion batteries are more expensive initially, that over their lifetimes they are nearly as cheap as lead-acid batteries at smaller scales.
Exponential market growth
When we talk about deployment of energy storage, we are talking about multiple different markets at different scales. At the residential and commercial behind-the meter scale, PV systems with energy storage system represent a very small portion of overall PV system sales.
However, this market is growing rapidly, in large part due to German subsidies. At the beginning of September 2013, IHS reported that 1,000 German PV system owners had qualified for subsidies to support 30 MW of storage, with another 4,800 applications being considered. IHS states that the subsidy is causing the PV energy storage market to boom in the same way that feed-in tariffs caused the PV market to boom in previous years.
One of the key advantages of lithium-ion technology are higher cycle lives. Solarpraxis AG estimates that lithium ion batteries can reach a lifespan of 20 years or 7,000 charge cycles if charged and discharged daily, much more than the 2,000 maximum cycles available with lead-acid gel batteries. The two can also be combined, and Fraunhofer ISE (Freiburg, Germany) reports that a hybrid approach of using a larger lead-acid battery with a smaller lithium-ion battery subsystem can create a battery system with a longer lifespan.
Fraunhofer ISE also finds that while lithium-ion batteries are more expensive initially, that over their lifetimes they are nearly as cheap as lead-acid batteries at smaller scales.
Exponential market growth
When we talk about deployment of energy storage, we are talking about multiple different markets at different scales. At the residential and commercial behind-the meter scale, PV systems with energy storage system represent a very small portion of overall PV system sales.
However, this market is growing rapidly, in large part due to German subsidies. At the beginning of September 2013, IHS reported that 1,000 German PV system owners had qualified for subsidies to support 30 MW of storage, with another 4,800 applications being considered. IHS states that the subsidy is causing the PV energy storage market to boom in the same way that feed-in tariffs caused the PV market to boom in previous years.
At the larger scale it is difficult to put a number on the size of the current market, as deployment is uneven from year to year. However, with the large number of projects that have been announced, it is clear that this market is also growing.
IHS and other market analysts have made predictions about the future size of the global energy storage market, with IHS anticipating particularly sharp growth among energy storage systems to accompany PV systems for businesses. And while all predict exponential growth, the size of the market anticipated in any given year varies widely.
Like the PV industry, greater market adoption of energy storage will depend upon a number of factors, including regulatory support and subsidies, with prices falling as economies of scale are built and the industry matures.
It should be noted that the recent regulations in California allow energy storage at multiple scales, including behind-the-meter systems, to meet the 1.325 GW target. The main limitation is that pumped hydro systems larger than 50 MW do not apply. As such, while this will be a massive boost to the market, it is currently unclear what impacts this will have on various segments of the storage market.
This is not only true of California. We simply do not know what the future global energy storage market will look like, including what technologies will dominate. But what we do know is that as more and more renewable energy is added to the grid globally, energy storage will inevitably be a major component of our energy systems. The future is here.
New Tesla Patent: 400-Mile Battery Pack Using Metal-Air & Lithium-Ion Batteries | CleanTechnica
New Tesla Patent: 400-Mile Battery Pack Using Metal-Air & Lithium-Ion Batteries | CleanTechnica
Source: Benzinga
Tesla Motors is exclusively an electric car maker, with
Elon Musk expressing disdain for cars like the Chevy Volt and BMW i3,
which pack gas-powered range-extenders. But Tesla may be working on a
different kind of hybrid; a hybrid battery pack that could extend the
range of cars like the Tesla Model S by up to 40%, allowing for 400
miles of driving between charges.
A report by Global Equities Research shows that Tesla recently filed patents 20130187591 and 20130181511,
which describe a combination lithium-ion and metal-air battery pack.
This hybrid battery pack would primarily use the lithium-ion side, only
drawing power from the metal-air battery pack on extended journeys.
Metal-air batteries, which use oxygen as an electrode, have a shorter
lifetime when exposed to regular charging, but use more common elements
like zinc or aluminum that drastically reduce battery costs.
Drivers would use the lithium-ion battery for daily use,
and would either select the secondary battery, or have it automatically
switch over on extended trips. A hybrid battery of this type could offer
Tesla customers greater driving ranges, while not drastically
increasing costs. There’s also mention of a mode whereby the metal-air
battery would charge the lithium-ion battery, which powers the car’s
systems. 95% of driving consist of short jaunts no more than 90 miles per day,
but the option of going 400 or more miles on a single charge could open
up the world of electric vehicles to a much wider audience.
For now though, Tesla will still rely on Panasonic for batteries, as
they have a four-year, 80,000 unit contract with the Japanese tech
giant. But going forward from there, who’s to say Tesla doesn’t deploy
ground-breaking battery technology of its own? This could be a peek at
the future, folks.Source: Benzinga
Monday, December 9, 2013
European Coastal Defenses May Reduce Destruction from Epic Storm: Scientific American
European Coastal Defenses May Reduce Destruction from Epic Storm: Scientific American
Dubbed Windstorm Xaver by the Free University Berlin, last week's storm wreaked havoc across Europe. Scheduled train travel was halted in Scotland, Germany and Denmark when fallen trees and landslides blocked rail lines. Glasgow's central train station was evacuated after debris smashed through a glass roof.
A cliff in Hemsby, England, collapsed, causing houses to slide into the ocean below. In Rhyl, North Wales, elderly residents were evacuated from their homes in inflatable boats.
More than 29,000 customers lost electricity in Ireland when winds gusting up to 70 mph blew through communities in the northern and eastern parts of the country.
In Poland, three people died in the village of Poraj when a tree fell onto their car. Winds reached 85 mph throughout the northern part of the country. Firefighters responded to more than 1,500 emergency calls. Winds caused more than 400,000 customers to lose electricity.
Storm surges reach 20 feet
In Hamburg, Germany, water levels rose to 13 feet above the normal high tide level. Parts of the city center and port areas were flooded.
At its highest level, the morning of Dec. 6, the tidal surge measured 20 feet above sea level, according to a Hamburg official, the highest it has been since the early 1990s.
Fortunately for many Europeans, the last 60 years have seen vast improvements in tidal defenses. Last week, the Thames barrier was closed for two days to protect residents of low-lying areas around greater London and the Thames estuary.
At its highest, the storm surge caused a 6-foot-plus difference in water height between the downriver and upriver sides of the barrier. In Hull, according to a report on the Climate Central website, the level of the River Humber rose to a record high of 19 feet on the night of Dec. 5. Flooding was stemmed by a barrier that has been in place since 1980.
In the Netherlands, the Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier, a complex of dams, sluices and dikes built to protect the large area of land around the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta, was closed off for the first time in six years.
Dutch authorities said they had issued the highest possible flood warning for four areas in the north of the country. In the southwestern province of Zeeland, officials reported that the North Sea had risen by 13 feet, the highest level since 1953.
Damage estimates lag
Estimates of the magnitude of losses generated by Xaver will be several days in coming. Insurance brokers, reinsurers and risk modeling firms say it is too early to speculate. A spokesman for Aviva, the United Kingdom's largest insurance company, said, "The impact is still being measured on the ground. We're assessing and monitoring areas affected."
According to Brian Owens, senior director of risk modeling firm Risk Management Solutions, better infrastructure defenses as well as the relatively brief duration of the surge events protected most developed regions from Xaver's impact. Owens was quoted in a report on the website Artemis.bm, which covers the alternative risk transfer, catastrophe bond and insurance linked security markets,
On Twitter, Swiss Re's natural catastrophe team leader, Andreas Schraft, said: "Too early for loss estimates."
With Xaver, the trend in severe weather across Europe seems to be continuing. In a Dec. 6 report in the Irish newspaper Independent.ie, Ray McGrath, of Met Eireann's research department, pointed out that "global warming" does not simply mean temperatures are going to go up. Trends in extreme weather of all kinds, he said, are expected to worsen.
According to figures compiled by the Irish Insurance Federation, since 2010, extreme weather conditions have cost Ireland more than €1billion ($1.37 billion) in property damage alone. Across Europe, the cost of damage from extreme weather events has risen by more than 60 percent in the last 30 years, according to a report by the European Academies Science Advisory Council released in November.
Reprinted from Climatewire with permission from Environment & Energy Publishing, LLC. www.eenews.net, 202-628-6500
Dubbed Windstorm Xaver by the Free University Berlin, last week's storm wreaked havoc across Europe. Scheduled train travel was halted in Scotland, Germany and Denmark when fallen trees and landslides blocked rail lines. Glasgow's central train station was evacuated after debris smashed through a glass roof.
A cliff in Hemsby, England, collapsed, causing houses to slide into the ocean below. In Rhyl, North Wales, elderly residents were evacuated from their homes in inflatable boats.
More than 29,000 customers lost electricity in Ireland when winds gusting up to 70 mph blew through communities in the northern and eastern parts of the country.
In Poland, three people died in the village of Poraj when a tree fell onto their car. Winds reached 85 mph throughout the northern part of the country. Firefighters responded to more than 1,500 emergency calls. Winds caused more than 400,000 customers to lose electricity.
Storm surges reach 20 feet
In Hamburg, Germany, water levels rose to 13 feet above the normal high tide level. Parts of the city center and port areas were flooded.
At its highest level, the morning of Dec. 6, the tidal surge measured 20 feet above sea level, according to a Hamburg official, the highest it has been since the early 1990s.
Fortunately for many Europeans, the last 60 years have seen vast improvements in tidal defenses. Last week, the Thames barrier was closed for two days to protect residents of low-lying areas around greater London and the Thames estuary.
At its highest, the storm surge caused a 6-foot-plus difference in water height between the downriver and upriver sides of the barrier. In Hull, according to a report on the Climate Central website, the level of the River Humber rose to a record high of 19 feet on the night of Dec. 5. Flooding was stemmed by a barrier that has been in place since 1980.
In the Netherlands, the Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier, a complex of dams, sluices and dikes built to protect the large area of land around the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta, was closed off for the first time in six years.
Dutch authorities said they had issued the highest possible flood warning for four areas in the north of the country. In the southwestern province of Zeeland, officials reported that the North Sea had risen by 13 feet, the highest level since 1953.
Damage estimates lag
Estimates of the magnitude of losses generated by Xaver will be several days in coming. Insurance brokers, reinsurers and risk modeling firms say it is too early to speculate. A spokesman for Aviva, the United Kingdom's largest insurance company, said, "The impact is still being measured on the ground. We're assessing and monitoring areas affected."
According to Brian Owens, senior director of risk modeling firm Risk Management Solutions, better infrastructure defenses as well as the relatively brief duration of the surge events protected most developed regions from Xaver's impact. Owens was quoted in a report on the website Artemis.bm, which covers the alternative risk transfer, catastrophe bond and insurance linked security markets,
On Twitter, Swiss Re's natural catastrophe team leader, Andreas Schraft, said: "Too early for loss estimates."
With Xaver, the trend in severe weather across Europe seems to be continuing. In a Dec. 6 report in the Irish newspaper Independent.ie, Ray McGrath, of Met Eireann's research department, pointed out that "global warming" does not simply mean temperatures are going to go up. Trends in extreme weather of all kinds, he said, are expected to worsen.
According to figures compiled by the Irish Insurance Federation, since 2010, extreme weather conditions have cost Ireland more than €1billion ($1.37 billion) in property damage alone. Across Europe, the cost of damage from extreme weather events has risen by more than 60 percent in the last 30 years, according to a report by the European Academies Science Advisory Council released in November.
Reprinted from Climatewire with permission from Environment & Energy Publishing, LLC. www.eenews.net, 202-628-6500
Sunday, December 1, 2013
Rivers flowing into the sea offer vast potential as electricity source
Rivers flowing into the sea offer vast potential as electricity source
Apr. 18, 2012 — A new genre of electric power-generating stations could supply electricity for more than a half billion people by tapping just one-tenth of the global potential of a little-known energy source that exists where rivers flow into the ocean, a new analysis has concluded. A report on the process -- which requires no fuel, is sustainable and releases no carbon dioxide (the main greenhouse gas) -- appears in ACS' journal Environmental Science & Technology.
Menachem Elimelech and Ngai Yin Yip explain that the little-known process, called pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO), exploits the so-called salinity gradient -- or difference in saltiness -- between freshwater and seawater. In PRO, freshwater flows naturally by osmosis through a special membrane to dilute seawater on the other side. The pressure from the flow spins a turbine generator and produces electricity. The world's first PRO prototype power plant was inaugurated in Norway in 2009. With PRO appearing to have great potential, the scientists set out to make better calculations on how much it actually could contribute to future energy needs under real-world conditions.
Elimelech and Yip concluded that PRO power-generating stations using just one-tenth of the global river water flow into the oceans could generate enough power to meet the electricity needs of 520 million people, without emitting carbon dioxide. The same amount of electricity, if produced by a coal-fired power plant, would release over one billion metric tons of greenhouse gases each year.
The researchers acknowledge funding from the Environment and Water Industrial Development Council of Singapore for Ngai Yin Yip's fellowship.
Elimelech and Yip concluded that PRO power-generating stations using just one-tenth of the global river water flow into the oceans could generate enough power to meet the electricity needs of 520 million people, without emitting carbon dioxide. The same amount of electricity, if produced by a coal-fired power plant, would release over one billion metric tons of greenhouse gases each year.
The researchers acknowledge funding from the Environment and Water Industrial Development Council of Singapore for Ngai Yin Yip's fellowship.
I really wonder why this is not happening in western canada, there are oodles of places where power can be generated without having to flood more prime farmland!!!!
Saturday, November 30, 2013
China coal project risks environmental crisis - Features - Al Jazeera English
China coal project risks environmental crisis - Features - Al Jazeera English
But experts say China risks stumbling into an ecological disaster in its SNG push, as the environmental footprint of producing the gas makes even coal look green.
"This is a process that uses a lot of water and results in much more greenhouse gas emissions than conventional gas, shale gas or even coal," said Alvin Lin, China climate and energy policy director at the Natural Resources Defense Council in Beijing.
"The scale of planned coal-to-gas plans is worrying people - not just your traditional environmentalists but also energy experts who are looking at China's overall development pattern. Cleaner and more sustainable energy alternatives such as efficiency and renewables would seem to be a wiser choice," Lin added.
The carbon question
One of the biggest concerns is the carbon intensity of producing SNG. Chinese policymakers are promoting natural gas, as they want to see it displace oil products such as petrol in transportation and coal in electricity generation.
But a study by researchers in the US suggests SNG is unfit for both purposes. Burning synthetic gas to generate power produces 36 percent to 82 percent more greenhouse gas emissions than coal-fired plants, when the entire lifecycle of mining coal and then turning it into gas is taken into account, argue the study's authors, Chi-Jen Yang and Robert Jackson from the Nicholas School of the Environment at Duke University.
The case for using SNG as motor fuel fares little better. A separate study published in the journal Energy Policy found that lifecycle carbon emissions of cars running on synthetic gas were 150 percent to 190 percent higher than a normal petrol car, and up to 210 percent more than electric vehicles charged from coal-based power.
"At a minimum, Chinese policymakers should delay implementing their synthetic natural gas plan to avoid a potentially costly and environmentally damaging outcome," Yang said in a statement.
“"An even better decision would be to cancel the programme entirely."
That looks unlikely, given the dozens of facilities like the plant in Chifeng are planned across the country. In Inner Mongolia alone, which has 600bn tons of coal reserves, construction on three similar projects has under way since June and another five have received the green light to begin preliminary work.
As of September, the government has approved 18 large-scale coal-based SNG plants that will be capable of producing a total of 75.1bn cubic metres of gas every year, according to the World Resources Institute. None of these planned plants are located near large Chinese cities, so emissions generated from producing the gas will not hang directly over metropolises.
"Burning SNG in cities like Beijing will definitely reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. However, from a lifecycle perspective, it is a carbon intensive process and relocates the greenhouse gas emissions and pollution from the east to coal-rich provinces, said Wen Hua, a research analyst in Beijing with the World Resources Institute.
The net effect could mean accelerated climate change - a major concern following crucial talks over global warming at the United Nations climate conference in Warsaw, Poland.
Last week, China's top negotiator on climate change reiterated a pledge by the world's biggest greenhouse gas emitter to cut carbon emissions per unit of economic output by 40 to 45 percent by 2020 from levels in 2005.
China's policy of reducing carbon intensity would appear to be at odds with the huge Chinese investment in SNG - a contradiction that Wen blames on a lack of dialogue between energy policymakers and officials overseeing water resources.
Water stresses
The other problem with SNG is that converting coal to gas is water-intensive. Synthetic gas plants use extreme heat and pressure to gasify coal, which yields carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Steam and catalysts are then added to convert those gases to methane to produce a pipeline-ready substitute for gas.
Between six and ten litres of freshwater are needed to produce one cubic metre of SNG, compared with 0.1 to 0.2 litres for a cubic metre of shale gas. Given the size of the SNG bases China is planning, the water requirements will be enormous.
The World Resources Institute, for instance, calculated that the Inner Mongolia facility feeding Beijing will need to consume more than 32bn litres of freshwater when fully completed - enough to meet one million Inner Mongolians' domestic needs for a year.
China's fledgling SNG industry is mostly concentrated in the
coal-rich arid regions of Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang in far west China.
Of the 18 projects approved by the government so far, 16 are located in
these two areas. Sizable SNG production there would strain already
limited water resources.
These 16 plants will consume up to 700m cubic metres of freshwater every year when running at full pelt, according to the World Resources Institute. That would be enough to fill 280,000 Olympic-size swimming pools.
"China faces challenges from both water supply and energy security. It is very important for policymakers to factor water considerations into their decision-making around energy issues. This means that energy authorities should be connecting local water authorities and experts to incorporate water considerations into their planning and policies," said Wen.
Potential solutions to the challenges presented by water scarcity have begun to emerge, however, including a coal-to-gas conversion process from a small US alternative energy start-up.
Massachusetts-based GreatPoint Energy is building a $1.25bn complex near the city of Turpan in Xinjiang that requires half the water used in typical gasification processes - a useful factor when setting up a gas plant in the desert.
"We are being recognised as having a very high efficiency, lower water consumption, low cost of production and the ability to use a wide range of coal types," said Daniel Goldman, president of GreatPoint Energy.
"This is very appealing to the Chinese regulators and both state-owned enterprises and private companies in China. It is an exciting time to be in the coal-to-SNG business."
Another advantage of GreatPoint's technology is that it captures carbon emissions, which can then be put to use.
"Sequestering the carbon dioxide in enhanced oil recovery reservoirs is our primary focus, since the opportunity is very large, the need is great… In Xinjiang, water can be saved by substituting carbon dioxide injection instead of water," said Goldman. "[There] is significant interest in this area."
Follow Colin Shek on Twitter: @ColinShek
But experts say China risks stumbling into an ecological disaster in its SNG push, as the environmental footprint of producing the gas makes even coal look green.
"This is a process that uses a lot of water and results in much more greenhouse gas emissions than conventional gas, shale gas or even coal," said Alvin Lin, China climate and energy policy director at the Natural Resources Defense Council in Beijing.
"The scale of planned coal-to-gas plans is worrying people - not just your traditional environmentalists but also energy experts who are looking at China's overall development pattern. Cleaner and more sustainable energy alternatives such as efficiency and renewables would seem to be a wiser choice," Lin added.
The carbon question
One of the biggest concerns is the carbon intensity of producing SNG. Chinese policymakers are promoting natural gas, as they want to see it displace oil products such as petrol in transportation and coal in electricity generation.
But a study by researchers in the US suggests SNG is unfit for both purposes. Burning synthetic gas to generate power produces 36 percent to 82 percent more greenhouse gas emissions than coal-fired plants, when the entire lifecycle of mining coal and then turning it into gas is taken into account, argue the study's authors, Chi-Jen Yang and Robert Jackson from the Nicholas School of the Environment at Duke University.
The case for using SNG as motor fuel fares little better. A separate study published in the journal Energy Policy found that lifecycle carbon emissions of cars running on synthetic gas were 150 percent to 190 percent higher than a normal petrol car, and up to 210 percent more than electric vehicles charged from coal-based power.
"At a minimum, Chinese policymakers should delay implementing their synthetic natural gas plan to avoid a potentially costly and environmentally damaging outcome," Yang said in a statement.
“"An even better decision would be to cancel the programme entirely."
That looks unlikely, given the dozens of facilities like the plant in Chifeng are planned across the country. In Inner Mongolia alone, which has 600bn tons of coal reserves, construction on three similar projects has under way since June and another five have received the green light to begin preliminary work.
As of September, the government has approved 18 large-scale coal-based SNG plants that will be capable of producing a total of 75.1bn cubic metres of gas every year, according to the World Resources Institute. None of these planned plants are located near large Chinese cities, so emissions generated from producing the gas will not hang directly over metropolises.
"Burning SNG in cities like Beijing will definitely reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. However, from a lifecycle perspective, it is a carbon intensive process and relocates the greenhouse gas emissions and pollution from the east to coal-rich provinces, said Wen Hua, a research analyst in Beijing with the World Resources Institute.
The net effect could mean accelerated climate change - a major concern following crucial talks over global warming at the United Nations climate conference in Warsaw, Poland.
Last week, China's top negotiator on climate change reiterated a pledge by the world's biggest greenhouse gas emitter to cut carbon emissions per unit of economic output by 40 to 45 percent by 2020 from levels in 2005.
China's policy of reducing carbon intensity would appear to be at odds with the huge Chinese investment in SNG - a contradiction that Wen blames on a lack of dialogue between energy policymakers and officials overseeing water resources.
Water stresses
The other problem with SNG is that converting coal to gas is water-intensive. Synthetic gas plants use extreme heat and pressure to gasify coal, which yields carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Steam and catalysts are then added to convert those gases to methane to produce a pipeline-ready substitute for gas.
Between six and ten litres of freshwater are needed to produce one cubic metre of SNG, compared with 0.1 to 0.2 litres for a cubic metre of shale gas. Given the size of the SNG bases China is planning, the water requirements will be enormous.
The World Resources Institute, for instance, calculated that the Inner Mongolia facility feeding Beijing will need to consume more than 32bn litres of freshwater when fully completed - enough to meet one million Inner Mongolians' domestic needs for a year.
|
Inside Story discusses air pollution in China |
These 16 plants will consume up to 700m cubic metres of freshwater every year when running at full pelt, according to the World Resources Institute. That would be enough to fill 280,000 Olympic-size swimming pools.
"China faces challenges from both water supply and energy security. It is very important for policymakers to factor water considerations into their decision-making around energy issues. This means that energy authorities should be connecting local water authorities and experts to incorporate water considerations into their planning and policies," said Wen.
Potential solutions to the challenges presented by water scarcity have begun to emerge, however, including a coal-to-gas conversion process from a small US alternative energy start-up.
Massachusetts-based GreatPoint Energy is building a $1.25bn complex near the city of Turpan in Xinjiang that requires half the water used in typical gasification processes - a useful factor when setting up a gas plant in the desert.
"We are being recognised as having a very high efficiency, lower water consumption, low cost of production and the ability to use a wide range of coal types," said Daniel Goldman, president of GreatPoint Energy.
"This is very appealing to the Chinese regulators and both state-owned enterprises and private companies in China. It is an exciting time to be in the coal-to-SNG business."
Another advantage of GreatPoint's technology is that it captures carbon emissions, which can then be put to use.
"Sequestering the carbon dioxide in enhanced oil recovery reservoirs is our primary focus, since the opportunity is very large, the need is great… In Xinjiang, water can be saved by substituting carbon dioxide injection instead of water," said Goldman. "[There] is significant interest in this area."
Follow Colin Shek on Twitter: @ColinShek
Wednesday, November 27, 2013
Cheap Solar Energy | Cheap solar energy systems
Cheap Solar Energy | Cheap solar energy systems
excellent info here on present and future solar tech, low cost systems, loads of info on one page!
excellent info here on present and future solar tech, low cost systems, loads of info on one page!
Tuesday, November 26, 2013
methane from Arctic a thing to watch
About 6 years ago, one of the top climate scientists, Jim Hanson (who my wife indirectly worked for at the time), declared we have only 10 years left to mitigate the effects of global warming before we just have to take the full consequences of our stupidity right in the face. He got some criticism from this statement even among climate scientists because of the apparent precision of his estimate, but the gist of his warning is valid: we have a VERY limited time to act to mitigate the effects of global warming, and it is NOW, like RIGHT NOW, that we have to deal with this crisis.
Since he made his warning, the actual pace of global warming effects has actually ACCELERATED. So we might even have LESS time than Jim Hanson suggested. Was his warning excessively precise? Yeah, sure it was. We can't know precisely how much time we have left, but I don't think he was that far off and the more scientific info that comes in, the more I am convinced that our time to act is running out.
Arctic ice volume is expected, at current rate of decline, to reach zero (that means an ice free Arctic Ocean!) around 2015 (maybe 2016 if we are lucky!) according to modeling from the PIOMAS ice volume project at the University of Washington in Seattle. As that happens we WILL reach a critical tipping point in approximately the same time frame.
Now I personally don't think that all the supposed tipping points that hit the internet are valid. But there is one VERY clear, VERY frightening tipping point that WILL occur approximately in the same time frame as an ice-free Arctic Ocean, which means around 2015 or so. That is the release of methane that is frozen in the Arctic. From BBC News:
"In 2007, the water [off northern Siberia] warmed up to about 5C (41F) in summer, and this extends down to the sea bed, melting the offshore permafrost."
Among the issues this raises is whether the ice-free conditions will quicken release of methane currently trapped in the sea bed, especially in the shallow waters along the northern coast of Siberia, Canada and Alaska.
Methane is a much more potent greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, though it does not last as long in the atmosphere...
"With 'business-as-usual' greenhouse gas emissions, we might have warming of 9-10C in the Arctic.
"That will cement in place the ice-free nature of the Arctic Ocean - it will release methane from offshore, and a lot of the methane on land as well."
This would - in turn - exacerbate warming, across the Arctic and the rest of the world.
The release of this much methane into the atmosphere is one of the MOST frightening things in our near future. MUCH more so than a nuclear Iran or the deficit or pretty much anything else we are facing. If we don't act RIGHT NOW to stop it, this critical tipping point WILL happen within the next 5-10 years. We will see a MASSIVE change in our climate if we don't work hard NOW to stop it. And the result will be devastating to each and every one of us.
Got that? We are RIGHT NOW at the tipping point and just about EVERY action YOU PERSONALLY take influences that tipping point.
If you have kids (like I do) look them in the eyes and ask yourself it you have done enough to stop this tipping point that will slam your kids or your grand kids like a sledgehammer.
Monday, November 18, 2013
Solar thermal's new dawn | Business Spectator
Solar thermal's new dawn | Business Spectator
Solar thermal's new dawn
Marie Rinkoski Spangler & Gwen Bredehoeft18 Nov, 8:39 AM1
Climate
Solar energy
Smart Energy
US Energy Information Administration
Several large, new solar thermal power plants are expected to begin commercial operation by the end of 2013, more than doubling the solar thermal generating capacity in the United States. The projects use different solar thermal technologies and storage options.
Abengoa's Solana plant, which came on line in October, is a 250 megawatt parabolic trough plant in Gila Bend, Arizona with integrated thermal storage.
BrightSource's Ivanpah, expected to enter service by the end of this year, is a 391 MW power tower plant in California's Mojave Desert and does not include storage.
Graph for Solar thermal's new dawn
Source: US Energy Information Administration, Annual Electric Generator Report and Monthly Update (Forms EIA-860 and EIA-860M)
(Note: This map excludes generators for which solar thermal energy is not used as the primary energy source, such as the 75 MW Martin Solar Energy Center, which connects a parabolic trough field to an existing natural gas combined-cycle plant.)
Solana and Ivanpah are much larger than solar thermal plants that have previously entered service in the US. Over the past decade, a few smaller-scale and demonstration solar thermal projects have entered service. The only other dedicated solar thermal plants larger than 10 MW in the US are the series of Solar Energy Generating System plants built in California in the 1980s and early 1990s and the Nevada Solar One parabolic trough project completed in 2007.
US Energy Information Administration projections for total solar thermal capacity additions this year and next include six projects for a total of 1257 MW, with more expected in 2015 and 2016. However, while these solar thermal capacity additions are significant for the technology, they represent only 4 per cent of total expected capacity additions for 2013 and 2014 (see chart below). Solar thermal capacity additions also continue to be outpaced by solar photovoltaic capacity additions, even though solar PV has only meaningfully entered the utility-scale market in the past few years.
Graph for Solar thermal's new dawn
Source: US Energy Information Administration, Annual Electric Generator Report and Monthly Update (Forms EIA-860 and EIA-860M)
Ivanpah
Graph for Solar thermal's new dawn
Source: US Department of Energy, Loan Guarantee Program Office
Ivanpah, which is expected to come on line by the end of 2013, uses a series of three power towers: a field of movable mirrors (heliostats) focusing light on a 140m central tower. The light heats water in a boiler at the top of the tower, creating steam, which is used to run a conventional steam turbine like those in a typical fossil-fired power plant.
Solana
Graph for Solar thermal's new dawn
Source: Abengoa, used with permission
Solana, which began delivering electricity to the grid outside Phoenix, Arizona, uses parabolic, mirrored troughs to collect sunlight, as well as thermal storage, allowing the plant to operate up to six hours on stored energy alone. The parabolic troughs are movable, tracking the sun and focusing sunlight onto a tube running down the centre of each trough, which contains a heat transfer fluid. A heat exchanger creates steam that in turn runs a conventional steam turbine. (See additional resources on solar thermal technologies and images of Solana.)
Solana storage deployment
Graph for Solar thermal's new dawn
Source: Abengoa, used with permission
Solana stores some of the sun's energy as heat, using a molten salt as the thermal medium. The molten salt is stored in the round tanks, seen at the bottom center of this overhead image of Solana. This storage capability sets the plant apart from PV or wind technologies, which are dependent on the immediate availability of the sun or wind. With storage, Solana can operate while clouds pass overhead, providing a predictable supply of power to the grid. It can continue to produce electricity for up to six hours after the prime hours of sunlight have passed. This flexibility is particularly important as demand for electricity often peaks in the early evening. Storage technology was critically important in the development of Solana's 30-year power purchase agreement with Arizona Public Service (the largest utility in Arizona), which will buy all of Solana's output.
Both parabolic trough and power tower technologies can be integrated with varying levels of thermal storage. For example, the Crescent Dunes solar thermal power tower plant near Tonopah, Nevada that is expected to come on line by the end of the year will include 10 hours of thermal energy storage.
All five of the major solar thermal projects – including Solana and Ivanpah – that are scheduled to come on line in 2013 and 2014 were awarded loans through the US Department of Energy's Loan Guarantee Program. Solana received a federal loan guarantee for $US1.45 billion ($1.55 billion) of the approximately $US2 billion cost of the project, according to the parent company, Abengoa. BrightSource Energy reports a $1.6 billion federal loan guarantee on the approximately $2.2 billion Ivanpah project.
Solar thermal's new dawn
Marie Rinkoski Spangler & Gwen Bredehoeft18 Nov, 8:39 AM1
Climate
Solar energy
Smart Energy
US Energy Information Administration
Several large, new solar thermal power plants are expected to begin commercial operation by the end of 2013, more than doubling the solar thermal generating capacity in the United States. The projects use different solar thermal technologies and storage options.
Abengoa's Solana plant, which came on line in October, is a 250 megawatt parabolic trough plant in Gila Bend, Arizona with integrated thermal storage.
BrightSource's Ivanpah, expected to enter service by the end of this year, is a 391 MW power tower plant in California's Mojave Desert and does not include storage.
Graph for Solar thermal's new dawn
Source: US Energy Information Administration, Annual Electric Generator Report and Monthly Update (Forms EIA-860 and EIA-860M)
(Note: This map excludes generators for which solar thermal energy is not used as the primary energy source, such as the 75 MW Martin Solar Energy Center, which connects a parabolic trough field to an existing natural gas combined-cycle plant.)
Solana and Ivanpah are much larger than solar thermal plants that have previously entered service in the US. Over the past decade, a few smaller-scale and demonstration solar thermal projects have entered service. The only other dedicated solar thermal plants larger than 10 MW in the US are the series of Solar Energy Generating System plants built in California in the 1980s and early 1990s and the Nevada Solar One parabolic trough project completed in 2007.
US Energy Information Administration projections for total solar thermal capacity additions this year and next include six projects for a total of 1257 MW, with more expected in 2015 and 2016. However, while these solar thermal capacity additions are significant for the technology, they represent only 4 per cent of total expected capacity additions for 2013 and 2014 (see chart below). Solar thermal capacity additions also continue to be outpaced by solar photovoltaic capacity additions, even though solar PV has only meaningfully entered the utility-scale market in the past few years.
Graph for Solar thermal's new dawn
Source: US Energy Information Administration, Annual Electric Generator Report and Monthly Update (Forms EIA-860 and EIA-860M)
Ivanpah
Graph for Solar thermal's new dawn
Source: US Department of Energy, Loan Guarantee Program Office
Ivanpah, which is expected to come on line by the end of 2013, uses a series of three power towers: a field of movable mirrors (heliostats) focusing light on a 140m central tower. The light heats water in a boiler at the top of the tower, creating steam, which is used to run a conventional steam turbine like those in a typical fossil-fired power plant.
Solana
Graph for Solar thermal's new dawn
Source: Abengoa, used with permission
Solana, which began delivering electricity to the grid outside Phoenix, Arizona, uses parabolic, mirrored troughs to collect sunlight, as well as thermal storage, allowing the plant to operate up to six hours on stored energy alone. The parabolic troughs are movable, tracking the sun and focusing sunlight onto a tube running down the centre of each trough, which contains a heat transfer fluid. A heat exchanger creates steam that in turn runs a conventional steam turbine. (See additional resources on solar thermal technologies and images of Solana.)
Solana storage deployment
Graph for Solar thermal's new dawn
Source: Abengoa, used with permission
Solana stores some of the sun's energy as heat, using a molten salt as the thermal medium. The molten salt is stored in the round tanks, seen at the bottom center of this overhead image of Solana. This storage capability sets the plant apart from PV or wind technologies, which are dependent on the immediate availability of the sun or wind. With storage, Solana can operate while clouds pass overhead, providing a predictable supply of power to the grid. It can continue to produce electricity for up to six hours after the prime hours of sunlight have passed. This flexibility is particularly important as demand for electricity often peaks in the early evening. Storage technology was critically important in the development of Solana's 30-year power purchase agreement with Arizona Public Service (the largest utility in Arizona), which will buy all of Solana's output.
Both parabolic trough and power tower technologies can be integrated with varying levels of thermal storage. For example, the Crescent Dunes solar thermal power tower plant near Tonopah, Nevada that is expected to come on line by the end of the year will include 10 hours of thermal energy storage.
All five of the major solar thermal projects – including Solana and Ivanpah – that are scheduled to come on line in 2013 and 2014 were awarded loans through the US Department of Energy's Loan Guarantee Program. Solana received a federal loan guarantee for $US1.45 billion ($1.55 billion) of the approximately $US2 billion cost of the project, according to the parent company, Abengoa. BrightSource Energy reports a $1.6 billion federal loan guarantee on the approximately $2.2 billion Ivanpah project.
Sunday, November 17, 2013
West facing PV is optimised for peak power demand!
Almost Everyone Is Angling Solar Panels the Wrong Way
Conventional
wisdom in the northern hemisphere is to face solar panels south so they
get the most light all day. Architects and panel installers implement
this approach all the time, especially on homes. But a new study indicates that panels facing west may actually get more juice from the sun, and at more convenient times.
Researchers at the Pecan Street Research Institute
did a study of homes with solar panels in Austin, Texas and found that
when homeowners faced solar panels west they were able to generate 2%
more electricity in a day. And they also generated more electricity in
the afternoon, when power grids experience peak demand.
Though
a 2% increase in electricity generation isn't enormous, it would
certainly add up over the life of solar panels. And the rise in
afternoon performance, reducing grid dependance during peak hours by 65%
as opposed to 54% for south-facing panels, could have widespread
efficiency implications beyond single homes.
Thursday, November 14, 2013
Sony QX10 Hands on Review
http://www.youtube.com/v/ydFameGInpc?version=3&autohide=1&showinfo=1&attribution_tag=QMSehCmdtWBidq-OCmBkPQ&autohide=1&autoplay=1&feature=share
Wednesday, November 13, 2013
Massive coal mine leak damaged fisheries, habitat
Massive coal mine leak damaged fisheries, habitat
Alberta Environment Thursday acknowledged the one-billion-litre spill has affected fish habitat. Meanwhile, Fisheries and Oceans Canada biologists and conservation staff are inspecting a 25-kilometre stretch from the point of the release into Apetowun Creek to the Athabasca River, a breeding area for Alberta’s only strain of native rainbow trout.
Federal officials have met with managers at Sherritt International to discuss cleanup and mitigation efforts. A spokeswoman for Fisheries and Oceans said the investigation is expected to take several months.
“The sediment release did result in impacts to the fisheries and habitats,” Jessica Potter, a spokeswoman for Alberta Environment, said Thursday.
“Our fisheries biologists have done a preliminary inspection, but a full assessment won’t be possible until spring because winter weather is settling in. A larger assessment is needed to determine the full scope and extent of impacts.”
The sediment release affected the Apetowun/Plante Drainage and Athabasca Rivers, Potter said, adding, “These are trout-producing waterways.”
Provincial records show that bull trout, rainbow trout, brook trout and other species have been found in Apetowun Creek and other tributaries affected by the spill. The bull trout is designated as a species at risk in Canada, and in recent years biologists have sought protection from the province for the native strain of rainbow trout.
Alberta Environment officials are working with the company to determine how mine waste water full of clay, coal dust, dirt, sandstone and shale escaped from a containment pond at the Obed Mountain coal mine site on Oct. 31. Alberta Environment officials will not confirm if other contaminants were in the storage facility.
A Sheritt spokeswoman said no solvents are used in the water management process at the Obed mine. The company uses flocculents, a thickening agent, Paula Myson said.
The company is unable to provide the list of chemicals it uses as recorded on the Material Safety Data Sheet filed with Alberta Environment, she added.
Earlier this week, Alberta Environment began testing the Athabasca River to determine if heavy metals and cancer-contributing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons had been introduced by the leak.
The department said samples taken in the spill’s immediate wake posed no health risk, but then later warned communities downstream not to draw water from the Athabasca River. Farmers were likewise advised not to allow livestock to drink.
Late Friday, Alberta Environment spokeswoman Nikki Booth said testing continues on a daily basis, with results likely available next week.
“We are working with AHS on the water test results,” Booth, noting the department is still warning people not to use water from the river.
Two other waste water ponds on the mine site are not leaking and there is no concern about the integrity of those impoundments, she added.
The U.S.-based environment group, Waterkeepers Alliance, said the Obed leak, the equivalent of about 264 million gallons, would rank as the second-largest coal slurry spill in American history. The largest occurred in 2000, when 309 million gallons tainted a river in Kentucky, said Donna Lisenby of the Waterkeepers Alliance’s coal section in the U.S.
The Obed leak also far surpasses a 1972 slurry spill of 132 million gallons in West Virginia which is considered the second biggest in U.S. history, Lisenby added. The national U.S. database, called the Coal Impoundment Location and Information System, is run by industry partners and government agencies. Lisenby said she was unable to find a similar Canadian database, but given its size and the U.S. comparisons, the Oct. 31 spill is likely the biggest in Canadian history, she said.
A spokesman for Alberta’s Energy Regulator said the agency keeps records of Alberta spills, but not by volume. For that reason, Bob Curran said he could not identify Alberta’s largest spills.
In the U.S., companies are required to file a Material Safety Data Sheet that lists chemicals used in the mining process, Lisenby said in a telephone call from Boone, N.C.
“Each coal mine is unique” in the process it uses, she said.
“It can be as simple as using just water but in modern times more chemicals are used — coagulants, solvents that might include heavy metals,” Lisenby said. “It’s critical that those water tests are made public.
“Folks downstream need to know.”
At mid-afternoon Friday, Booth said a murky ribbon of pollution 113 km long was drifting with the current in the Athabasca River. The head of the plume was approximately 45 km north of Smith, while the tail was 15 km upstream of the Highway 33 Bridge at Fort Assiniboine.
Carl Hunt, a fisheries biologist for the province for 33 years, said Wednesday that he suspected significant damage had occurred in Apetowun Creek and other tributaries of the Athabasca. Among other things, sediment can coat the bottom and kill invertebrates upon which trout and other species feed.
“This sediment spill will hopefully raise public awareness,” said Hunt, who is now retired.
A biologist with Trout Unlimited Canada, Brian Meagher petitioned then environment minister Frank Oberle in 2010 for protection for Alberta’s lone native strain of rainbow trout. Nothing ever became of the request.
“If a spawning stream was affected by this spill it could definitely be a major issue,” Meagher said.
mklinkenberg@edmontonjournal.com
Alberta Environment Thursday acknowledged the one-billion-litre spill has affected fish habitat. Meanwhile, Fisheries and Oceans Canada biologists and conservation staff are inspecting a 25-kilometre stretch from the point of the release into Apetowun Creek to the Athabasca River, a breeding area for Alberta’s only strain of native rainbow trout.
Federal officials have met with managers at Sherritt International to discuss cleanup and mitigation efforts. A spokeswoman for Fisheries and Oceans said the investigation is expected to take several months.
“The sediment release did result in impacts to the fisheries and habitats,” Jessica Potter, a spokeswoman for Alberta Environment, said Thursday.
“Our fisheries biologists have done a preliminary inspection, but a full assessment won’t be possible until spring because winter weather is settling in. A larger assessment is needed to determine the full scope and extent of impacts.”
The sediment release affected the Apetowun/Plante Drainage and Athabasca Rivers, Potter said, adding, “These are trout-producing waterways.”
Provincial records show that bull trout, rainbow trout, brook trout and other species have been found in Apetowun Creek and other tributaries affected by the spill. The bull trout is designated as a species at risk in Canada, and in recent years biologists have sought protection from the province for the native strain of rainbow trout.
Alberta Environment officials are working with the company to determine how mine waste water full of clay, coal dust, dirt, sandstone and shale escaped from a containment pond at the Obed Mountain coal mine site on Oct. 31. Alberta Environment officials will not confirm if other contaminants were in the storage facility.
A Sheritt spokeswoman said no solvents are used in the water management process at the Obed mine. The company uses flocculents, a thickening agent, Paula Myson said.
The company is unable to provide the list of chemicals it uses as recorded on the Material Safety Data Sheet filed with Alberta Environment, she added.
Earlier this week, Alberta Environment began testing the Athabasca River to determine if heavy metals and cancer-contributing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons had been introduced by the leak.
The department said samples taken in the spill’s immediate wake posed no health risk, but then later warned communities downstream not to draw water from the Athabasca River. Farmers were likewise advised not to allow livestock to drink.
Late Friday, Alberta Environment spokeswoman Nikki Booth said testing continues on a daily basis, with results likely available next week.
“We are working with AHS on the water test results,” Booth, noting the department is still warning people not to use water from the river.
Two other waste water ponds on the mine site are not leaking and there is no concern about the integrity of those impoundments, she added.
The U.S.-based environment group, Waterkeepers Alliance, said the Obed leak, the equivalent of about 264 million gallons, would rank as the second-largest coal slurry spill in American history. The largest occurred in 2000, when 309 million gallons tainted a river in Kentucky, said Donna Lisenby of the Waterkeepers Alliance’s coal section in the U.S.
The Obed leak also far surpasses a 1972 slurry spill of 132 million gallons in West Virginia which is considered the second biggest in U.S. history, Lisenby added. The national U.S. database, called the Coal Impoundment Location and Information System, is run by industry partners and government agencies. Lisenby said she was unable to find a similar Canadian database, but given its size and the U.S. comparisons, the Oct. 31 spill is likely the biggest in Canadian history, she said.
A spokesman for Alberta’s Energy Regulator said the agency keeps records of Alberta spills, but not by volume. For that reason, Bob Curran said he could not identify Alberta’s largest spills.
In the U.S., companies are required to file a Material Safety Data Sheet that lists chemicals used in the mining process, Lisenby said in a telephone call from Boone, N.C.
“Each coal mine is unique” in the process it uses, she said.
“It can be as simple as using just water but in modern times more chemicals are used — coagulants, solvents that might include heavy metals,” Lisenby said. “It’s critical that those water tests are made public.
“Folks downstream need to know.”
At mid-afternoon Friday, Booth said a murky ribbon of pollution 113 km long was drifting with the current in the Athabasca River. The head of the plume was approximately 45 km north of Smith, while the tail was 15 km upstream of the Highway 33 Bridge at Fort Assiniboine.
Carl Hunt, a fisheries biologist for the province for 33 years, said Wednesday that he suspected significant damage had occurred in Apetowun Creek and other tributaries of the Athabasca. Among other things, sediment can coat the bottom and kill invertebrates upon which trout and other species feed.
“This sediment spill will hopefully raise public awareness,” said Hunt, who is now retired.
A biologist with Trout Unlimited Canada, Brian Meagher petitioned then environment minister Frank Oberle in 2010 for protection for Alberta’s lone native strain of rainbow trout. Nothing ever became of the request.
“If a spawning stream was affected by this spill it could definitely be a major issue,” Meagher said.
mklinkenberg@edmontonjournal.com
Monday, November 11, 2013
Smart Wheel By FlyKly Could Change Everything About Commuting
Smart Wheel By FlyKly Could Change Everything About Commuting
The phrase “This changes everything” gets thrown around a
lot, but in the sustainable commuting sphere, an invention out of New
York by a group of bike enthusiasts just might actually change
everything.
The Smart Wheel by FlyKly Bikes is a motorized bike wheel that can fit on almost any bike, instantly turning a regular bike into an electric one, opening up the options of who can bike commute, where, how far and in what terrain.
Bike commuting in urban areas has the potential to combat an enormous number of problems: traffic congestion, air pollution, gas consumption, and commuting affordability. But would-be bikers are often limited by various constraints, including weather, physical condition, cost and time.
In most of the American cities with the worst traffic, such as Los Angeles, Houston, Honolulu or the Bay Area, commuters are constrained by hills, heat and sprawling distances.
Electric bikes, which have motors attached to them, were meant to solve some of those problems, but often end up being prohibitively expensive. Some e-bike lines’ most basic models start above $1200, and can easily surpass $2000.
So FlyKly’s Niko Klansek decided to “turn an ordinary bike into a smart bike.”
“We want to make cities more livable, and make them more people -- not car -- friendly,” says Klansek.
Enter the Smart Wheel, a wheel that can replace almost any bike’s back tire. The wheel hub has a self-contained, battery-powered motor that can propel a bike at speeds as high as 20 miles per hour for as far as 30 miles on one charge. The wheel recharges itself when coasting downhill.
FlyKly hopes the Smart Wheel will encourage people to use their bikes at times they previously thought they could not. “Without losing your breath or breaking a sweat,” they promise, “there’s no need to worry about what to wear to that business meeting or 8 o’clock date.”
The device earns its “Smart” moniker by being operated completely through one’s smartphone, which stays put on a handlebar mount (that also serves as a bike light and a phone charger) and connects to the wheel through Bluetooth. The FlyKly app monitors speed, distance, time traveled, location and route.
Before setting out on a ride, the cyclist sets the maximum speed at which they want to travel through the app. The wheel senses when the rider starts pedaling and adjusts speed accordingly. FlyKly says the app is also able to learn the rider’s cycling habits and routines and suggest “faster, safer, and more fun routes to take.”
The wheel can be locked via the app, and if the bike starts to move when the phone is not nearby, the app sends a message alerting its owner to a possible theft.
FlyKly hopes users will also use the app to track their preferred routes and share them with city officials who may be planning bike lanes and trying to improve bike-friendliness in urban areas. The company’s goal with the Smart Wheel is to “reshape the cities ... in a way that again people, not cars, come first.”
Given the incredible early show of support, achieving their goal seems quite plausible. The company launched a kickstarter this October with a goal of raising $100,000. They have already raised over $275,000 and counting.
Though FlyKly has not yet decided what the final price for the Smart Wheel will be, they assure it will be far less than an electric bicycle. Since the wheel is removable, the invention is also more versatile than an e-bike. After all, sometimes you want to be the one powering your bike with your own pedaling. But when you don’t, or can’t, Smart Wheel will be there.
The Smart Wheel by FlyKly Bikes is a motorized bike wheel that can fit on almost any bike, instantly turning a regular bike into an electric one, opening up the options of who can bike commute, where, how far and in what terrain.
Bike commuting in urban areas has the potential to combat an enormous number of problems: traffic congestion, air pollution, gas consumption, and commuting affordability. But would-be bikers are often limited by various constraints, including weather, physical condition, cost and time.
In most of the American cities with the worst traffic, such as Los Angeles, Houston, Honolulu or the Bay Area, commuters are constrained by hills, heat and sprawling distances.
Electric bikes, which have motors attached to them, were meant to solve some of those problems, but often end up being prohibitively expensive. Some e-bike lines’ most basic models start above $1200, and can easily surpass $2000.
So FlyKly’s Niko Klansek decided to “turn an ordinary bike into a smart bike.”
“We want to make cities more livable, and make them more people -- not car -- friendly,” says Klansek.
Enter the Smart Wheel, a wheel that can replace almost any bike’s back tire. The wheel hub has a self-contained, battery-powered motor that can propel a bike at speeds as high as 20 miles per hour for as far as 30 miles on one charge. The wheel recharges itself when coasting downhill.
FlyKly hopes the Smart Wheel will encourage people to use their bikes at times they previously thought they could not. “Without losing your breath or breaking a sweat,” they promise, “there’s no need to worry about what to wear to that business meeting or 8 o’clock date.”
The device earns its “Smart” moniker by being operated completely through one’s smartphone, which stays put on a handlebar mount (that also serves as a bike light and a phone charger) and connects to the wheel through Bluetooth. The FlyKly app monitors speed, distance, time traveled, location and route.
Before setting out on a ride, the cyclist sets the maximum speed at which they want to travel through the app. The wheel senses when the rider starts pedaling and adjusts speed accordingly. FlyKly says the app is also able to learn the rider’s cycling habits and routines and suggest “faster, safer, and more fun routes to take.”
The wheel can be locked via the app, and if the bike starts to move when the phone is not nearby, the app sends a message alerting its owner to a possible theft.
FlyKly hopes users will also use the app to track their preferred routes and share them with city officials who may be planning bike lanes and trying to improve bike-friendliness in urban areas. The company’s goal with the Smart Wheel is to “reshape the cities ... in a way that again people, not cars, come first.”
Given the incredible early show of support, achieving their goal seems quite plausible. The company launched a kickstarter this October with a goal of raising $100,000. They have already raised over $275,000 and counting.
Though FlyKly has not yet decided what the final price for the Smart Wheel will be, they assure it will be far less than an electric bicycle. Since the wheel is removable, the invention is also more versatile than an e-bike. After all, sometimes you want to be the one powering your bike with your own pedaling. But when you don’t, or can’t, Smart Wheel will be there.
'Smart' streetlamps light up when you're near - CNN.com
'Smart' streetlamps light up when you're near - CNN.com
Imagine if a streetlamp knew you were coming. It could announce your arrival from a distance. If you were on a date, it could help set the mood. It could ring in the new year with dazzling effects, change color at will, even announce days in advance when its bulb was set to blow.
Imagine if a streetlamp knew you were coming. It could announce your arrival from a distance. If you were on a date, it could help set the mood. It could ring in the new year with dazzling effects, change color at will, even announce days in advance when its bulb was set to blow.
In fact, there is nothing
future-tense about this fantastical vision; in a handful of
municipalities in Europe, streetlights have become downright chatty.
The system is called Tvilight. It was invented by Dutch designer Chintan Shah while a student at Delft University of Technology
in the Netherlands. When flying overseas, he noticed streetlamps
lighting streets that, in the middle of the night, were empty and
desolate.
"I started researching,"
he says. "I wondered, why are they burning? How much does it cost? Is
this a problem? I discovered some amazing numbers."
Shah found that Europe
pays over €10 billion ($13 billion) a year powering streetlights, which
accounts for more than 40% of government energy bills.
This translates into 40
million tons of CO2 emissions annually -- enough to power 20 million
cars. His solution was to create an intelligent, "on-demand" lighting
system using wireless sensors. Streetlights only light up in the
presence of a person, bicycle or car, and remain dim the rest of the
time.
Shah has also developed
the technology to distinguish between people and smaller animals, like
cats and mice, so it would avoid lighting up unnecessarily.
"I thought, why should each citizen pay for street lights that aren't being used? We now have a solution for that."
Spurred on by his
professors, Shah entered the concept in a campus competition and won.
Delft handed over their facilities and gave him the financial backing to
create a demonstration on campus. Since then, Tvilight has been
implemented in four municipalities in Holland and one in Ireland, with
many more to come.
"We have enquiries from
Israel, Turkey, the United States, Australia, India and Japan. The
problem is not a lack of enquiries, it's the team's capacity to deliver
the solution worldwide," he says.
Shaw reckons the system
will slash energy costs and CO2 emissions by 80%, and maintenance by
another 50%, thanks to the integrated wireless sensor that allows lamps
to alert a central control center when it's time to be serviced.
Tvilight's primary
purpose is to conserve energy. But when CNN invited Dutch artist Daan
Roosegaarde to offer advice as a mentor for Shah, he pointed to the
technology's more artistic potential.
"How can we use the
technology to make environments more human? More sustainable? More
natural?" asks Roosegaarde. "We want to make it like it's your friend,
or it's an animal, or it does things you don't know about. It's not just
a machine with a feedback loop, but something that has its own
intelligence and is willing to negotiate, to hack you in the same way
you hack it."
So, for example, an ambulance or fire truck could communicate with the lamps to make them flicker red before they drive through
Sunday, November 3, 2013
Highly Transparent, Efficient OPV Incorporates Photonic Crystal
Solar Novus - Applications - Highly Transparent, Efficient OPV Incorporates Photonic Crystal
Researchers at The Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO), Barcelona, Spain, have created a highly transparent, highly efficient organic solar cell with promising potential for integration into windows and displays. Reaching 5.6% efficiency, the cell’s performance approaches that of its opaque counterparts.
The ICFO cell’s active layer is a blend of a polymer (PTB7) and a derivative of fullerene (PC71BM) and has a transparency close to 50%. By comparison, a typical transparency value for sunglasses is about 15%. A standard OPV would not be transparent to visible light, because the device incorporates a metal electrode that is completely opaque. In case of the ICFO cell, the electrode is made of silver. The group thinned that material to just 10 nm. “This gives the device a homogenous semi-transparency that ranges from 30 to 40%,” says Jordi Martorell, UPC Professor at ICFO and leader of the study.
Thinning the electrode would normally compromise the device’s ability to absorb the near-infrared and near-ultraviolet photons not visible to the eye, which would decrease the overall conversion efficiency. The ICFO group solved this dilemma by incorporating a photonic crystal that increases the amount of infrared and ultraviolet light absorbed by the cell. “The photonic crystal we designed sends these photons back to the active material but is transparent to visible photons,” Martorell explains, adding that the cell’s photon-to-charge conversion efficiency is close to 80% of that of the original opaque device. “To the best of our knowledge, such a level of efficiency when comparing 30% semitransparent to opaque devices has never been achieved before.”
“What makes it even more interesting is that one may tune the photonic crystal to optimise sun photon absorption for vertical PV installations, which is the natural type of installation in big cities, since the largest amount of transparent surface is vertical instead of horizontal,” Martorell elaborates. “No other PV technology, including other types of OPVs, can achieve the same goal so effectively.” What is more, to make the design even more appealing for such BIPV applications, the colour of the cells can be tuned by simply changing the layer configuration of the photonic crystal.
The expert agrees that integrated transparent solar cells, such as the one his group debuted, could soon revolutionise the way people use solar energy. “In my opinion semitransparent OPVs will represent a major step in the integration of energy production with energy consumption,” Martorell says. “With the technology developed at ICFO, which is patent-pending, we take such integration one step further.” And with an overall power conversion efficiency of 5.6%, he believes his device “is already acceptable for practical applications.”
Asked when ICFO’s device could become commercially viable, though, Martorell says a definite answer is “difficult,” citing several “strictly technical” challenges, such as scalability or stability. While his group knows how to address these challenges, and will focus on that next, there are “many other issues” out of the researchers’ control: “… for instance, capital investment, a favourable legislation, production costs compared to other type of windows, etc., which have little to do with the technology itself but that may play a larger role in terms of when we will see commercial PV windows.”
As it stands, this type of integrated organic solar cell would mostly find application in BIPV, Martorell says. “However, we intend to increase the transparency up to levels that make the technology also applicable for the industry of tablets, smart phones, and displays, which require levels of transparency close to 90%.” To increase the level of transparency, the ICFO group will focus on new materials and alternative device configurations going forward.
The results of this study are detailed in the paper “Transparent polymer solar cells employing a layered light-trapping architecture,” published in Nature Photonics.
Researchers at The Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO), Barcelona, Spain, have created a highly transparent, highly efficient organic solar cell with promising potential for integration into windows and displays. Reaching 5.6% efficiency, the cell’s performance approaches that of its opaque counterparts.
The ICFO cell’s active layer is a blend of a polymer (PTB7) and a derivative of fullerene (PC71BM) and has a transparency close to 50%. By comparison, a typical transparency value for sunglasses is about 15%. A standard OPV would not be transparent to visible light, because the device incorporates a metal electrode that is completely opaque. In case of the ICFO cell, the electrode is made of silver. The group thinned that material to just 10 nm. “This gives the device a homogenous semi-transparency that ranges from 30 to 40%,” says Jordi Martorell, UPC Professor at ICFO and leader of the study.
Thinning the electrode would normally compromise the device’s ability to absorb the near-infrared and near-ultraviolet photons not visible to the eye, which would decrease the overall conversion efficiency. The ICFO group solved this dilemma by incorporating a photonic crystal that increases the amount of infrared and ultraviolet light absorbed by the cell. “The photonic crystal we designed sends these photons back to the active material but is transparent to visible photons,” Martorell explains, adding that the cell’s photon-to-charge conversion efficiency is close to 80% of that of the original opaque device. “To the best of our knowledge, such a level of efficiency when comparing 30% semitransparent to opaque devices has never been achieved before.”
“What makes it even more interesting is that one may tune the photonic crystal to optimise sun photon absorption for vertical PV installations, which is the natural type of installation in big cities, since the largest amount of transparent surface is vertical instead of horizontal,” Martorell elaborates. “No other PV technology, including other types of OPVs, can achieve the same goal so effectively.” What is more, to make the design even more appealing for such BIPV applications, the colour of the cells can be tuned by simply changing the layer configuration of the photonic crystal.
The expert agrees that integrated transparent solar cells, such as the one his group debuted, could soon revolutionise the way people use solar energy. “In my opinion semitransparent OPVs will represent a major step in the integration of energy production with energy consumption,” Martorell says. “With the technology developed at ICFO, which is patent-pending, we take such integration one step further.” And with an overall power conversion efficiency of 5.6%, he believes his device “is already acceptable for practical applications.”
Asked when ICFO’s device could become commercially viable, though, Martorell says a definite answer is “difficult,” citing several “strictly technical” challenges, such as scalability or stability. While his group knows how to address these challenges, and will focus on that next, there are “many other issues” out of the researchers’ control: “… for instance, capital investment, a favourable legislation, production costs compared to other type of windows, etc., which have little to do with the technology itself but that may play a larger role in terms of when we will see commercial PV windows.”
As it stands, this type of integrated organic solar cell would mostly find application in BIPV, Martorell says. “However, we intend to increase the transparency up to levels that make the technology also applicable for the industry of tablets, smart phones, and displays, which require levels of transparency close to 90%.” To increase the level of transparency, the ICFO group will focus on new materials and alternative device configurations going forward.
The results of this study are detailed in the paper “Transparent polymer solar cells employing a layered light-trapping architecture,” published in Nature Photonics.
Friday, November 1, 2013
Overview | TMP36 Temperature Sensor | Adafruit Learning System
Overview | TMP36 Temperature Sensor | Adafruit Learning System:
'via Blog this'
The combination of connecting a Raspberry Pi to COSM makes creating a internet of things much easier than it has been in the past. The Pi with it's easy access to ethernet / WiFi and COSM's drop dead simple usability will graph all sensor data you send to it.
This tutorial explains how to connect a analog temperature sensor to the Pi and use a small python script to upload that data for storage and graphing on COSM.
'via Blog this'
The combination of connecting a Raspberry Pi to COSM makes creating a internet of things much easier than it has been in the past. The Pi with it's easy access to ethernet / WiFi and COSM's drop dead simple usability will graph all sensor data you send to it.
This tutorial explains how to connect a analog temperature sensor to the Pi and use a small python script to upload that data for storage and graphing on COSM.
To follow this tutorial you will need
- MCP3008 DIP-package ADC converter chip
- Analog Temperature Sensor TMP-36
- Adafruit Pi Cobbler - follow the tutorial to assemble it
- Half or Full-size breadboard
- Breadboarding wires
- Raspberry Pi with a internet connection
Overview | TMP36 Temperature Sensor | Adafruit Learning System
Overview | TMP36 Temperature Sensor | Adafruit Learning System
These sensors use a solid-state technique to determine the temperature. That is to say, they don't use mercury (like old thermometers), bimetalic strips (like in some home thermometers or stoves), nor do they use thermistors (temperature sensitive resistors). Instead, they use the fact as temperature increases, the voltage across a diode increases at a known rate. (Technically, this is actually the voltage drop between the base and emitter - the Vbe - of a transistor.) By precisely amplifying the voltage change, it is easy to generate an analog signal that is directly proportional to temperature. There have been some improvements on the technique but, essentially that is how temperature is measured.
Because these sensors have no moving parts, they are precise, never wear out, don't need calibration, work under many environmental conditions, and are consistant between sensors and readings. Moreover they are very inexpensive and quite easy to use.
Some Basic Stats
These stats are for the temperature sensor in the Adafruit shop, the Analog Devices TMP36 (-40 to 150C). Its very similar to the LM35/TMP35 (Celsius output) and LM34/TMP34 (Farenheit output). The reason we went with the '36 instead of the '35 or '34 is that this sensor has a very wide range and doesn't require a negative voltage to read sub-zero temperatures. Otherwise, the functionality is basically the same.
- Size: TO-92 package (about 0.2" x 0.2" x 0.2") with three leads
- Price: $2.00 at the Adafruit shop
- Temperature range: -40°C to 150°C / -40°F to 302°F
- Output range: 0.1V (-40°C) to 2.0V (150°C) but accuracy decreases after 125°C
- Power supply: 2.7V to 5.5V only, 0.05 mA current draw
- Datasheet
How to Measure Temperature
Using the TMP36 is easy, simply connect the left pin to power (2.7-5.5V) and the right pin to ground. Then the middle pin will have an analog voltage that is directly proportional (linear) to the temperature. The analog voltage is independant of the power supply.Friday, October 25, 2013
All graphene computer chips designed in a research paper
All graphene computer chips designed in a research paper
For now, UCSB’s design is just that — a computer model that should technically work, but which hasn’t been built yet. In theory, though, with the worldwide efforts to improve high-quality graphene production and patterning, we should be able to build an all-graphene IC in the next few years. Even then, though, it will still take a long time to go from laboratory prototype to full-scale commercial production — perhaps a decade or more. For the time being, the higher electron mobility of III-V semiconductors compared to silicon should provide a stopgap solution for the continuing miniaturization and ultra-low-power requirements of modern computing. When graphene ICs do finally take off, though, we have terahertz switching speeds and transistor densities in the tens-of-billions to look forward to.
Proposal for all-graphene monolithic logic circuits
ABSTRACT
Since the very inception of integrated circuits, dissimilar materials have been used for fabricating devices and interconnects. Typically, semiconductors are used for devices and metals are used for interconnecting them. This, however, leads to a “contact resistance” between them that degrades device and circuit performance, especially for nanoscale technologies. This letter introduces and explores an “all-graphene” device-interconnect co-design scheme, where a single 2-dimensional sheet of monolayer graphene is proposed to be monolithically patterned to form both active devices (graphene nanoribbon tunnel-field-effect-transistors) as well as interconnects in a seamless manner. Thereby, the use of external contacts is alleviated, resulting in substantial reduction in contact parasitics. Calculations based on tight-binding theory and Non-Equilibrium Green's Function (NEGF) formalism solved self-consistently with the Poisson's equation are used to analyze the intricate properties of the proposed structure. This constitutes the first NEGF simulation based demonstration that devices and interconnects can be built using the “same starting material” – graphene. Moreover, it is also shown that all-graphene circuits can surpass the static performances of the 22 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor devices, including minimum operable supply voltage, static noise margin, and power consumption.
For now, UCSB’s design is just that — a computer model that should technically work, but which hasn’t been built yet. In theory, though, with the worldwide efforts to improve high-quality graphene production and patterning, we should be able to build an all-graphene IC in the next few years. Even then, though, it will still take a long time to go from laboratory prototype to full-scale commercial production — perhaps a decade or more. For the time being, the higher electron mobility of III-V semiconductors compared to silicon should provide a stopgap solution for the continuing miniaturization and ultra-low-power requirements of modern computing. When graphene ICs do finally take off, though, we have terahertz switching speeds and transistor densities in the tens-of-billions to look forward to.
Proposal for all-graphene monolithic logic circuits
ABSTRACT
Since the very inception of integrated circuits, dissimilar materials have been used for fabricating devices and interconnects. Typically, semiconductors are used for devices and metals are used for interconnecting them. This, however, leads to a “contact resistance” between them that degrades device and circuit performance, especially for nanoscale technologies. This letter introduces and explores an “all-graphene” device-interconnect co-design scheme, where a single 2-dimensional sheet of monolayer graphene is proposed to be monolithically patterned to form both active devices (graphene nanoribbon tunnel-field-effect-transistors) as well as interconnects in a seamless manner. Thereby, the use of external contacts is alleviated, resulting in substantial reduction in contact parasitics. Calculations based on tight-binding theory and Non-Equilibrium Green's Function (NEGF) formalism solved self-consistently with the Poisson's equation are used to analyze the intricate properties of the proposed structure. This constitutes the first NEGF simulation based demonstration that devices and interconnects can be built using the “same starting material” – graphene. Moreover, it is also shown that all-graphene circuits can surpass the static performances of the 22 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor devices, including minimum operable supply voltage, static noise margin, and power consumption.
Tuesday, October 8, 2013
Wednesday, October 2, 2013
KTH | Battery low? Give your mobile some water
KTH | Battery low? Give your mobile some water
Based on micro fuel cell technology developed at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, the MyFC PowerTrekk uses ordinary water to extend battery life for devices of up to 3 watts.
Anders Lundblad, KTH researcher and founder of MyFC, says that the device can be powered by fresh or seawater. The water need not be completely clean.
“Our invention has great potential to accelerate social development in emerging markets,” Lundblad says. “There are large areas that lack electricity, while mobile phones fulfil more and more vital functions, such as access to weather information or electronic payment.”
A USB connector attaches the compact PowerTrekk charger to the device. When plain water is poured onto a small recyclable metal disc inside the unit, hydrogen gas is released and combines with oxygen to convert chemical energy into electrical energy. The resulting charge is enough to power an iPhone to between 25 and 100 per cent of its battery capacity.
Lundblad has done research on micro fuel cells and small flat Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells for more than 15 years at the Department of Applied Electrochemistry at KTH. He says the business vision behind MyFC is to commercialise fuel cell technology and contribute to the development of environmental technology.
He says the charger is the first step toward building fuel cells in laptops.
“The launch of our charger is a strategic move to gain wide acceptance of fuel cells throughout society,” he says. “Our chargers may be considered expensive now; but in the longer term, as they reach a mass market, they would go down in price.”
Fuel cells can already be found in electric cars, trucks and buses, and
backup electrical power supply systems for hospitals and cogeneration
plants. The process by which fuel cells generate electricity is
considered to be safe and environmentally-friendly, and the only
by-product is water vapour. The fuel cell system is passive and has no
fans or pumps.
Lundblad says that fuel cell chargers are faster and more reliable than solar chargers. The main target groups for MyFC PowerTrekk are those who travel or live in remote areas of the world, outdoor enthusiasts and aid workers, he says.
The charger is both a fuel cell and a portable battery, providing a direct power source as well as a storage buffer for the fuel.
MyFC plans to open an online shop for its MyFC PowerTrekk product. The company has already sold the technology to users in China, Japan, the U.S. and much of Europe.
For more information contact Anders Lundblad on anders.lundblad @ myfc.se.
Katarina Ahlfort
Based on micro fuel cell technology developed at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, the MyFC PowerTrekk uses ordinary water to extend battery life for devices of up to 3 watts.
Anders Lundblad, KTH researcher and founder of MyFC, says that the device can be powered by fresh or seawater. The water need not be completely clean.
“Our invention has great potential to accelerate social development in emerging markets,” Lundblad says. “There are large areas that lack electricity, while mobile phones fulfil more and more vital functions, such as access to weather information or electronic payment.”
A USB connector attaches the compact PowerTrekk charger to the device. When plain water is poured onto a small recyclable metal disc inside the unit, hydrogen gas is released and combines with oxygen to convert chemical energy into electrical energy. The resulting charge is enough to power an iPhone to between 25 and 100 per cent of its battery capacity.
Lundblad has done research on micro fuel cells and small flat Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cells for more than 15 years at the Department of Applied Electrochemistry at KTH. He says the business vision behind MyFC is to commercialise fuel cell technology and contribute to the development of environmental technology.
He says the charger is the first step toward building fuel cells in laptops.
“The launch of our charger is a strategic move to gain wide acceptance of fuel cells throughout society,” he says. “Our chargers may be considered expensive now; but in the longer term, as they reach a mass market, they would go down in price.”
MyFC founder, Anders Lundblad, researched fuel cells for 15 years at KTH
Lundblad says that fuel cell chargers are faster and more reliable than solar chargers. The main target groups for MyFC PowerTrekk are those who travel or live in remote areas of the world, outdoor enthusiasts and aid workers, he says.
The charger is both a fuel cell and a portable battery, providing a direct power source as well as a storage buffer for the fuel.
MyFC plans to open an online shop for its MyFC PowerTrekk product. The company has already sold the technology to users in China, Japan, the U.S. and much of Europe.
For more information contact Anders Lundblad on anders.lundblad @ myfc.se.
Katarina Ahlfort
Japanese start-up plans hydrogen fuel cell for 2014 - Batteries / fuel cells, Components, Rohm, Aquafairy, CEATEC - Computerworld
Japanese start-up plans hydrogen fuel cell for 2014 - Batteries / fuel cells, Components, Rohm, Aquafairy, CEATEC - Computerworld
A Japanese start-up says it has finessed a
technology that could finally make consumer-grade fuel cells a reality.
If successful, the company, Aquafairy, would create a business where
many much larger companies have failed.
Prototypes
of the company's hydrogen fuel cell technology are on show this week at
the Ceatec exhibition in Japan where the company's president, Mike
Aizawa, said he hopes the first products will be on sale next year.
The
promise of fuel cells is attractive: instantly available electricity
from a safe, disposable fuel cartridge. They are typically seen as a way
to provide electricity where there is no power grid, when electricity
supply has failed or, in a portable package, for on-the-go charging of
gadgets such as smartphones or tablets.
Japan's
major electronics companies went through a period of several years
beginning around 2005 when they showed prototype fuel cells, but none of
them ever managed to reach the market and much of that research appears
to have ended.
"They all failed because they
used Methanol," said Aizawa in an interview with the IDG News Service.
"They couldn't figure out a way to do it efficiently. If I had thought
they would have succeeded, I never would have started my company."
Aquafairy
was established in mid-2006 and has been developing a fuel cell based
on hydrogen. Typically an extremely reactive fuel, the company has
developed a treatment that turns it into a sold form that's safe to
handle but is still useful as a fuel, said Aizawa.
At Ceatec, the company has three working prototype fuel cells on show.
A
pocket-size portable model, designed to fully charge a smartphone,
appeared to be attracting the most interest. Producing 2.5 watts of
power, it's a little lighter than a smartphone at 89 grams and measures
about the same size. Through USB, it can charge most portable
electronics gadgets.
A second charger is already
in field trials in Japan and can deliver 200 watts of power. Weighing 7
kilograms and a little smaller than a conventional car battery, it's
powered by a canister containing solid hydrogen that looks similar to
the small butane canisters used in camping stoves.
Developed
with Japan's New Energy and Industrial Technology Development
Organization (NEDO), it has a couple of USB outputs and two conventional
AC outputs. This charger is being eyed for use after disasters, like
2011's earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan.
The
final charger is a long-life type designed for use in remote areas,
such as mountains and forests. It provides just half a watt, but can do
so for half a year meaning trips to replace batteries on things like
scientific measuring equipment don't need to be made frequently.
Aquafairy
is working with Japan's Rohm on the control circuitry for the chargers
and to bring the products to market, but says it is also looking for
partnerships with other companies and organizations.
Aizawa didn't provide a cost for the technology, but said he knows he has to deliver it at a consumer-friendly price.
"That's my job for the next year," he said.
Martyn Williams covers mobile telecoms, Silicon Valley and general technology breaking news for The IDG News Service. Follow Martyn on Twitter at @martyn_williams. Martyn's e-mail address is martyn_williams@idg.com
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